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DAP gives any application access to the directory via an extensible and robust information framework, but at an expensive administrative cost. It retains the X standard data model and can support millions of entries for a comparatively modest investment in hardware and network infrastructure. This means that XML-based applications using HTTP can take advantage of directory services while staying within the existing web infrastructure.
Online directories that support LDAP have become critical components of e-business infrastructure, supporting identity and risk management in several important roles.
They provide a dynamic and flexible means of storing information and retrieving it over the internet, and can of course be configured to use the Secure Sockets Layer SSL or Transport Layer Security TLS protocols for authenticated and encrypted communications. As protected repositories of personal information, LDAP directories are also a key component for the personalized delivery of services to users of the directory and personalized treatment of information contained in the directory.
Directories have the following three primary roles to play, each of which have very different deployment characteristics:. A NOS is a distributed operating system that manages multiple requests concurrently in a multiuser environment. It consists of clients and servers configured so that client machines can access the drivers on servers as if they were local drives on the client machine, and servers can handle requests from the client to share files and applications as well as network devices such as printers or faxes.
A NOS directory is used to administer a NOS allowing intranet users to log in once for all network file and printing requirements. The user population for a NOS directory ranges from 20 to 20, users, The NOS directory provides a single point of integrated administration and management for the network and the most important characteristics of this directory role are the tight integration with the NOS and sophisticated management tools for clients and servers.
It is important for an enterprise directory to provide flexible ways of organizing data and flexible management tools that can accommodate heterogeneous application environments or autonomous business units through delegated administration. The user population for an enterprise directory tends to range from between 20, and , users. An e-business directory maintains information about customers, trading partners, and suppliers, which involves making the information available to an extranet as necessary and appropriate.
The user population for an e-business directory is typically millions of users, and in addition to the flexible management tools required the NOS and enterprise directories, e-business directories require a high degree of reliability and scalability to be able to rapidly accommodate millions of users.
The deployment characteristics of each role vary hugely, and as we will see throughout this Technical Overview, Sun Java System Directory Server is very much tuned for the enterprise and e-business directory roles, in that it provides a single directory service infrastructure for both enterprise and e-business applications and services.
Sun Java System Directory Server is a mature LDAP directory solution which supports open standards, and it's carrier-grade design provides the extreme scalability, performance, and high availability required by large enterprise and e-business directories that support millions of users. This section provides an overview of Sun Java System Directory Server by way of an introduction to the following chapters which outline the benefits to be gained from Directory Server in terms of performance, availability, scalability, security, and manageability.
Sun Java System Directory Server provides a central repository for storing and managing intranet and Internet information such as identity profiles employees, customers, suppliers, etc. Directory Server is now delivered as a component product of the Sun Java Enterprise System, Sun's software infrastructure that provides the services needed to support enterprise-strength applications distributed across a network or Internet environment.
For further information on Sun Java Enterprise System, and on the concepts underlying distributed enterprise applications and distributed service infrastructures see the Directory Server Technical Overview.. When you install Directory Server, the following components are installed on your machine:. Without adding other client programs, Directory Server can provide the foundation for an intranet or extranet. Every Sun Java System server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data.
You can use Directory Server to manage extranet user-authentication, create access control, set up user preferences, and centralize user management.
In hosted environments, partners, customers, and suppliers can manage their own areas of the directory, reducing administrative costs. We will examine the following items in more detail and expand on some of the more advanced architecture features of Directory Server:. The server front ends of Sun Java System Directory Server manage communications with directory client programs.
Multiple clients can bind to the server at the same time over the same network because Directory Server is a multi-threaded application. As your directory services grow to include larger numbers of entries or larger numbers of clients spread out geographically, they also include multiple Directory Servers placed in strategic locations around the network or organization. You can also distribute your Directory Servers to conform with data protection regulations and to provide high availability.
Another advantage of Directory Server is that it implements LDAP natively, thereby avoiding the performance and management overheads associated with having a gateway on top of an X.
LDAP was invented by the Internet research community and provides a common language that client applications and servers use to communicate with one another. LDAP-based applications can easily authenticate, search, add, delete, and modify directory entries.
Directory Server also supports LDAP version 3 search references also known as smart referrals , which allow the directory to refer a query to another directory. DSML enables developers to combine the power of XML in presenting and manipulating data with the scalability, security, availability, and information management strengths of Directory Server. This allows you to create and implement a new generation of Web services that interface with Directory Server through XML.
Because the DSML front end is a core component of the directory, all native access controls apply. Directory Server relies on plug-ins for many key features. A plug-in is a way to add, enable, and configure functionality to the core server. For example plug-ins are included to support referential integrity and uniqueness constraints.
Plug-ins extend Directory Server functionality by adding pre or post operational functionality. You can add new intelligence to operations, giving you the ability to adapt your directory to other applications, changing business requirements, partners' needs, and so on.
The plug-in API is fully documented in this release of Directory Server, enabling you to create your own custom plug-ins. Refer to the Directory Server Plug-in Developer's Guide for help on how to develop plug-ins, upgrade existing plug-ins and explore sample plug-ins and the Directory Server Plug-in Developer's Reference for details about particular data structures, functions, parameter, and block semantics.
Sun Professional Services and other organizations can help you to develop custom plug-ins. For information about what Sun Professional Services has to offer, refer to:. These SDKs make it simple to write client applications for your directory, and these APIs expose all of the functions for connecting to an LDAP directory and accessing or modifying its entries. Use them to design and integrate directory functionality into your applications at the programmatic level.
The third component of the Sun Java System Directory Server Resource Kit is the set of tools and scripts that make a directory accessible through a command-line shell. The wide range of tools can be used for simple directory access, performance testing, and for the maintenance of Directory Servers. It is also worth noting that the commands that run these tools can be used to write scripts to automate all of these tasks. The Java Naming and Directory Interface JNDI is a standard extension to the Java platform, providing applications based on Java technology with a unified interface to multiple naming and directory services.
You can build powerful and portable directory-enabled applications using this industry standard. General information about JNDI is available from:. Directory Server contains a basic directory information tree at installation time. This tree mirrors the tree model used by most file systems, with the tree's root, or first entry, appearing at the top of the hierarchy.
The root of this tree is called the root suffix. At installation time the directory contains three subtrees under the root suffix:. This subtree contains information about the server's internal configuration. This subtree contains the configuration information of other Sun Java System servers, such as Sun Java System Administration Server which takes care of authentication and all actions that cannot be performed through LDAP such as starting or stopping Directory Server.
This subtree name originates from a legacy version of the product. During installation, a user database is created by default which is called UserRoot. You can choose to populate this database at installation time, or at a later stage. You can build on the default directory tree to add any data relevant to your directory installation. For further detail about the directory information tree refer to the Directory Server Deployment Planning Guide.
The multiple database architecture of Directory Server supports distributed naming contexts, providing large scalability to support millions of users on a single system, improved backup and restore, load balancing, and simplified administration. The multiple database design also provides a method for partitioning the directory data to simplify replication. This Directory Server, using the large cache allows you to attain improved performance for high-volume deployments.
It is bundled with Directory Server and on certain hardware and deployment configurations, can be used to improve the availability of Sun Java System services provided by multiple servers.
By default, Directory Server uses a single database to store the directory tree. This database can manage millions of entries. The default database supports advanced methods of backing up and restoring data. Since Directory Server supports multiple databases you can also distribute data across the databases, enabling the server to store more data than can be held in a single database.
An entry is a group of lines in an LDIF file that contains information about an object, such as a person in your organization or a printer on your network. Information about the entry is represented in the LDIF file by a set of attributes and their values.
Each entry has an object class attribute that specifies the kind of object the entry describes and defines the set of additional attributes it contains. Each attribute describes a particular trait of an entry. For example, an entry might have the object class organizationalPerson , indicating that the entry represents a person within a particular organization. This object class allows the givenname and telephoneNumber attributes.
The values assigned to these attributes give the name and phone number of the person represented by the entry. Directory Server also uses read-only attributes that are either calculated by the server, or for certain server functions such as access control, set by the administrator. These attributes are called operational attributes.
Entries are stored in a hierarchical structure in the directory tree. In LDAP, you can query an entry and request all entries below it in the directory tree. This subtree is called the base distinguished name, or base DN.
Note that not all entries are automatically returned in response to an LDAP search. For instance, entries of the ldapsubentry object class are not returned in response to normal search requests. An ldapsubentry entry represents an administrative object, for example the entries that are used internally by Directory Server to define a role or a class of service.
To receive these entries, clients must search specifically for entries of the ldapsubentry object class. When you store various parts of a tree in separate databases, your directory can process client requests in parallel, improving performance.
You can also store databases on different machines, to improve performance further. We examine in further detail the various data distribution options provided in Chapter 5, "Directory Server Scalability".
The database is the basic unit of storage, performance, replication, and indexing. A variety of operations can be performed on a database, including importing, exporting, backing up, restoring, and indexing. These command line utilities are subcommands of the directoryserver command. You can use the Directory Server Console to append data to all of your databases, including database links.
You can use the Directory Server Console to import data to one database. This method overwrites any data contained by the database. You can import data using the command-line utilities ldif2db , ldif2db-task , and ldif2ldap.
You can use LDIF to export database entries from your databases. You can use the Directory Server Console or the command-line utilities db2ldif and db2ldif-task to export data. You can use Directory Server Console or the db2bak or db2bak-task command line utilities to back up directory data. Both methods allow you to perform a backup while the server is running, which prevents you having a period during which the directory is not accessible.
You can restore data from a previously generated backup using Directory Server Console or the command-line utilities bak2db or bak2db-task. Restoring databases overwrites any existing database files. While restoring databases, the server must be running.
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